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| notes = }} The Venezuela–Colombia migrant crisis refers to a diplomatic and humanitarian crisis that occurred in mid-2015 following the shooting of three Venezuelan soldiers on the Venezuela–Colombia border that left them injured and President of Venezuela Nicolas Maduro's response of deporting thousands of Colombians. Maduro's response of declaring a state of emergency, closing the border to Colombia indefinitely and deporting thousands of Colombians that lived near the border, struck fear in tens of thousands of other Colombians living in Venezuela resulting in their emigration from the country and a crisis involving separated families and Colombians seeking food and shelter.〔 The actions of President Maduro were questioned by human rights groups, the United States, the United Nations and the European Union. ==Background== Since the 1970s, Colombians had fled to Venezuela to avoid violent conflict in their homeland. In the 1990s, Colombians amounted to 77% of all immigrants in Venezuela, according to Raquel Alvarez, a sociologist at the Andes University in Venezuela. Going into the 2000s, Venezuelan president Hugo Chávez used record high oil revenues to fund populist policies and social programs known as Bolivarian Missions in Venezuela. With such programs, the Chávez administration then granted Colombians residency, the right to vote and other socials services; even offering bus rides for Colombian-Venezuelans across the border who wanted to vote for Chávez.〔 Colombians who received such benefits would often in turn support Chávez in elections.〔 The creation of currency controls and subsidies under Chávez also allowed a business of smuggling to occur across borders. On the border of Colombia and Venezuela, Colombians would often take advantage of the Bolivarian government's subsidies and smuggle price fixed goods from Venezuela to Colombia in order to receive profits. Going into the 2010s, economic actions performed by Chávez's government over the previous decade such as overspending〔 and price controls proved to be unsustainable, with the economy then beginning to falter, while inflation, poverty〔Charlie Devereux & Raymond Colitt. March 7, 2013. 〕 and shortages in Venezuela increasing. By then, Colombians who had emigrated to Venezuela became disappointed with Venezuela due to the economic collapse of its economy and increasing discrimination by the Venezuelan government and its supporters.〔 Tens of thousands to possibly 200,000 Colombians had left Venezuela in the few years preceding 2015.〔 According to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, passports to Colombia increased 150% between March 2014 and March 2015.〔 Repatriation assistance of Colombian-Venezuelans had also reached a record number in the first quarter of 2015 and in early 2015, Martin Gottwald, the deputy head of the United Nation’s refugee agency in Colombia, warned that many of the Colombian refugees that had fled to Venezuela may move back to Colombia.〔 The high influx of Colombians returning to Colombia worried the Colombian government since the return of Colombians would raise the unemployment rate and cause a strain on public services.〔 In the 10 months preceding the crisis, 9,000 additional Colombians were forced to leave Venezuela according to the Association of Colombians in Venezuela.〔 In 2014 and 2015 under the Nicolás Maduro government, the socioeconomic situation of Venezuela grew more troubled as the country entered a recession, shortages worsened and the inflation rate rose to the highest point in Venezuelan history to over 100%. The Venezuelan government blamed shortages in Venezuela on smugglers stating that as much as 40% of the basic commodities it subsidized were being smuggled out of the country, though economists disagreed with such claims stating that only about 10% of subsidized products are smuggled out of the country. According to ''The Washington Post'', "lawlessness and smuggling are rife along the Venezuelan-Colombian border — but the trouble has been caused not by Colombians but by the Maduro government’s disastrous economic policies" and that "the flow is controlled not by poor migrants but by corrupt Venezuelan army officers".〔 On 19 August 2015, three Venezuelan soldiers were injured from gunfire on the border of Colombia and Venezuela.〔 President Maduro immediately closed the border to Colombia in San Antonio del Táchira and Ureña.〔 While President Maduro declared a state of emergency "to protect the people ... from criminals, from paramilitaries, from an economic war", others saw Maduro's actions as a distraction from the poor socioeconomic conditions of Venezuela and a way for him to blame Venezuela's problems on Colombia.〔〔〔〔 President Maduro's confrontational actions were also compared to tactics used by his predecessor, Hugo Chávez, that were used as distractions from the problems facing his government,〔(Maduro dice que telenovelas generan delincuencia )〕 with accusations presented by the Venezuelan government rarely involving any substantial evidence.〔〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Venezuela–Colombia migrant crisis」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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